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List some applications of queue data structure.
Applications of the queue are given as follows: Queues are widely used as waiting lists for a single shared resource like a printer, disk, or CPU. Queues are used in the asynchronous transfer of data (where data is not being transferred at the same rate between two processes) for eg. pipes, file IO,Read more
Applications of the queue are given as follows:
- Queues are widely used as waiting lists for a single shared resource like a printer, disk, or CPU.
- Queues are used in the asynchronous transfer of data (where data is not being transferred at the same rate between two processes) for eg. pipes, file IO, and sockets.
- Queues are used as buffers in most applications like MP3 media players, CD players, etc.
- Queues are used to maintain the playlist in media players to add and remove the songs from the playlist.
- Queues are used in operating systems for handling interrupts.
See lessWhat are the applications of data structures?
Some practical applications of data structures are: Storing data in a tabular form. For example, the contact details of an individual can be stored in arrays. Arrays are widely used in image processing and speech processing. Music players and image sliders use linked lists to switch between items. ARead more
Some practical applications of data structures are:
- Storing data in a tabular form. For example, the contact details of an individual can be stored in arrays.
- Arrays are widely used in image processing and speech processing.
- Music players and image sliders use linked lists to switch between items.
- A queue is used for job scheduling – the arrangement of data packets for communication.
- A tree is used by the decision tree algorithm in machine learning.
- Technologies like blockchain and cryptography are based on hashing algorithms.
- Matrices are widely used to represent data and plot graphs, and perform statistical analysis.
See lessIf you are using C language to implement the heterogeneous linked list, what pointer type should be used?
The heterogeneous linked list contains different data types, so it is not possible to use ordinary pointers for this. For this purpose, you have to use a generic pointer type like void pointer because the void pointer is capable of storing a pointer to any type.
The heterogeneous linked list contains different data types, so it is not possible to use ordinary pointers for this. For this purpose, you have to use a generic pointer type like void pointer because the void pointer is capable of storing a pointer to any type.
See lessWrite the C program to insert a node in circular singly list at the beginning.
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> void beg_insert(int); struct node { int data; struct node *next; }; struct node *head; void main () { int choice,item; do { printf("\nEnter the item which you want to insert?\n"); scanf("%d",&item); beg_Read more
See lessHow do you reference all the elements in a one-dimension array?
We can reference all the elements in a one-dimension array using an indexed loop. The counter runs from 0 to the maximum array size, say n, minus one. All elements of the one-dimension array are referenced in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.
We can reference all the elements in a one-dimension array using an indexed loop. The counter runs from 0 to the maximum array size, say n, minus one. All elements of the one-dimension array are referenced in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.
See lessWhy Should We Hire You?
Answer "Why should we hire you?" by summarizing your experiences: "With five years of experience working in the financial industry and my proven record of saving the company money, I could make a big difference in your company. I'm confident I would be a great addition to your team."
Answer “Why should we hire you?” by summarizing your experiences: “With five years of experience working in the financial industry and my proven record of saving the company money, I could make a big difference in your company. I’m confident I would be a great addition to your team.”
See lessWhat is the difference between von Neumann architecture and Harvard architecture
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE It is an ancient computer architecture based on the stored program computer concept. The same physical memory address is used for instructions and data. There is a common bus for data and instruction transfer. Two clock cycles are required to execute a single instruction. ItRead more
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
- It is a modern computer architecture based on Harvard Mark I relay-based model.
- A separate physical memory address is used for instructions and data.
- Separate buses are used for transferring data and instruction.
- An instruction is executed in a single cycle.
- It is more costly than Von Neumann’s Architecture.
- CPU can access instructions and read/write at the same time.
- It is used in microcontrollers and signal processing.
See lessHow do you distinguish between NumPy and SciPy?
Typically, NumPy contains nothing but the array data type and the most basic operations, such as basic element-wise functions, indexing, reshaping, and sorting. All the numerical code resides in SciPy. As one of NumPy’s most important goals is compatibility, the library tries to retain all featuresRead more
Typically, NumPy contains nothing but the array data type and the most basic operations, such as basic element-wise functions, indexing, reshaping, and sorting. All the numerical code resides in SciPy.
As one of NumPy’s most important goals is compatibility, the library tries to retain all features supported by either of its predecessors. Hence, NumPy contains a few linear algebra functions despite the fact that these more appropriately belong to the SciPy library.
SciPy contains fully-featured versions of the linear algebra modules available to NumPy in addition to several other numerical algorithms.
See lessWrite the steps involved in the insertion and deletion of an element in the stack.
Push: Increment the variable top so that it can refer to the next memory allocation Copy the item to at the array index value equal to the top Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the stack overflows Pop: Store the topmost element into the another variable Decrement the value of the top Return the topmost eleRead more
Push:
Pop:
- Store the topmost element into the another variable
- Decrement the value of the top
- Return the topmost element
See lessWhat is a postfix expression?
An expression in which operators follow the operands is known as postfix expression. The main benefit of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses or to consider operator precedence. The expression "a + b" will be represented as "ab+" in postfix notation.
An expression in which operators follow the operands is known as postfix expression. The main benefit of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses or to consider operator precedence.
The expression “a + b” will be represented as “ab+” in postfix notation.
See lessHow to reference all the elements in a one-dimension array?
It can be done by using an indexed loop such that the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus one. In this manner, you can reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.
It can be done by using an indexed loop such that the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus one. In this manner, you can reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.
See lessHow are the elements of a 2D array are stored in the memory?
There are two techniques by using which, the elements of a 2D array can be stored in the memory. Row-Major Order: In row-major ordering, all the rows of the 2D array are stored in the memory contiguously. First, the 1st row of the array is stored in the memory completely, then the 2nd row of the arrRead more
There are two techniques by using which, the elements of a 2D array can be stored in the memory.
- Row-Major Order: In row-major ordering, all the rows of the 2D array are stored in the memory contiguously. First, the 1st row of the array is stored in the memory completely, then the 2nd row of the array is stored in the memory completely, and so on till the last row.
- Column-Major Order: In column-major ordering, all the columns of the 2D array are stored in the memory contiguously. first, the 1st column of the array is stored in the memory completely, then the 2nd row of the array is stored in the memory completely, and so on till the last column of the array.
See lessCalculate the address of a random element present in a 2D array, given base address as BA.
Row-Major Order: If the array is declared as a[m][n] where m is the number of rows while n is the number of columns, then the address of an element a[i][j] of the array stored in row-major order is calculated as, Address(a[i][j]) = B. A. + (i * n + j) * size Column-Major Order: If the array iRead more
Row-Major Order: If the array is declared as a[m][n] where m is the number of rows while n is the number of columns, then the address of an element a[i][j] of the array stored in row-major order is calculated as,
Address(a[i][j]) = B. A. + (i * n + j) * size
Column-Major Order: If the array is declared as a[m][n] where m is the number of rows while n is the number of columns, then the address of an element a[i][j] of the array stored in column-major order is calculated as
Address(a[i][j]) = ((j*m)+i)*Size + BA.
See lessWhat is the difference between file structure and storage structure?
File Structure: A hard disk or external device (such as a USB), stores data that remains intact till manually deleted. Such data representation into secondary or auxiliary memory is called a file structure. Storage Structure: In this type of structure, data (variables, constants, etc.) are stored inRead more
- File Structure: A hard disk or external device (such as a USB), stores data that remains intact till manually deleted. Such data representation into secondary or auxiliary memory is called a file structure.
- Storage Structure: In this type of structure, data (variables, constants, etc.) are stored in the main memory, i.e. RAM, and is deleted once the function that uses this data has been completed.
See lessCharging supercapacitors with reversed polarity
Electrolytic capacitor polarization is initially set at the factory by applying voltage to form the insulating oxide layer. That is why caps have a polarity and these standard supercaps are no different. Reversing the polarity will damage the original insulating layer first and then start to form aRead more
Electrolytic capacitor polarization is initially set at the factory by applying voltage to form the insulating oxide layer.
That is why caps have a polarity and these standard supercaps are no different. Reversing the polarity will damage the original insulating layer first and then start to form a new insulating layer with the applied polarity. It is not something that should be allowed to happen, so consider the capacitors damaged, or at least degraded, and they could be unstable and dangerous too.
Here is also what manufacturer says about reversing the polarity:
https://maxwell.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Notes_on_Using_Ultracapacitor_Cells.pdf
See lessWhy did you leave your last job?
Stay positive regardless of the circumstances. Never refer to a major problem with management and never speak ill of supervisors, co-workers, or the organization. If you do, you will be the one looking bad. Keep smiling and talk about leaving for a positive reason such as an opportunity, a chance toRead more
Stay positive regardless of the circumstances. Never refer to a major problem with management and never speak ill of supervisors, co-workers, or the organization. If you do, you will be the one looking bad. Keep smiling and talk about leaving for a positive reason such as an opportunity, a chance to do something special, or other forward-looking reasons.
See lessWhy are you interested in working here?
Another common interview question that could be phrased several ways: Why do you want this job? Why are you interested in this position? However, this question is specifically asking you to keep the company in mind in your response. A good, well-thought-out response should touch on aspects of the coRead more
Another common interview question that could be phrased several ways:
However, this question is specifically asking you to keep the company in mind in your response.
A good, well-thought-out response should touch on aspects of the company or job that weren’t on the job ad, or the industry itself, thus displaying your research.
Some examples of this could be:
You want to make sure you display your enthusiasm and motivation for the role. You don’t want to be too general – that could imply a lack of research – so you want to be specific aspects of the company, as well as the specific position you are applying for.
For example, “As someone who regularly uses technology products, I would be thrilled to have the opportunity to work on your marketing campaigns. I would be proud to work for an industry leader – and not just in tech trends, but in cutting-edge research and development. I also have friends who work here, and I know this organisation rewards innovative thinking. I love coming up with novel, out-of-the-box solutions to business challenges, so I think I could make a great contribution not just to the company, but to the marketing team itself.”
See lessHow do you juggle high-priority competing projects?
Another common question, interviewers who ask this – or variations, such as ‘how do you handle multiple deadlines?’ or ‘how do you prioritise your work?’ – want to know how you handle your workload and manage your time. The best way to address this is to talk about your skills in time management. CoRead more
Another common question, interviewers who ask this – or variations, such as ‘how do you handle multiple deadlines?’ or ‘how do you prioritise your work?’ – want to know how you handle your workload and manage your time.
The best way to address this is to talk about your skills in time management. Consider how you schedule your day, how you prioritise different work assignments, and how you maintain a good work-life balance.
For example, “At the beginning of each week, I schedule a time to sit down with my manager to discuss upcoming deadlines and priorities. Then I schedule my week accordingly. I like to get the most difficult or complex tasks done first thing in the morning or early in the week to give myself a buffer in case they take longer than expected or I need to ask for help. A lot of my work involves data entry tasks that don’t have any hard, urgent deadlines, so I make sure I set an hour every afternoon to process that so I stay on top of it.”
See lessWhere do you see yourself in five years?
Employers usually ask this question to determine three key things about you: Are you likely to remain at the company long-term? Do your career ambitions align with the job and company you’ve applied for? Do you have a sense of how you want to grow? Each hire a company goes through with requires a siRead more
Employers usually ask this question to determine three key things about you:
Each hire a company goes through with requires a significant financial and time investment, and they want to ensure they get it right. Someone who isn’t ambitious, and isn’t likely to remain at the company for at least a few years, and someone with no clear sense of progression means that investment isn’t well-spent.
The best way to answer this question is to be general, and consider how your interests and goals align with the company.
For example, you may want to discuss your interest in taking on a leadership role, or perhaps you’d like to become a mentor for junior roles. Perhaps you’d like to take on a project that you’re passionate about in an area you’ve had little experience in, but have enjoyed in the past.
You may want to structure your response like this: “One of my future goals is to take the lead on a creative project. To do so, I’ve decided to take online courses in project management in my spare time, and I’ve been using Asana to manage my work so I can familiarise myself with project management software. I would love to put my hand up for these kinds of opportunities within this role.”
See lessWhat makes you unique?
When interviewers ask for uniqueness in you, you can start by Addressing why your background makes you a good fit will let employers know why your traits and qualifications make you well-prepared. Example: "What sets me apart from other candidates is my extensive experience in the retail industry. WRead more
When interviewers ask for uniqueness in you, you can start by Addressing why your background makes you a good fit will let employers know why your traits and qualifications make you well-prepared.
Example:
“What sets me apart from other candidates is my extensive experience in the retail industry. With four years of hands-on experience fielding shoppers’ questions, feedback, and complaints, I have gained valuable insights into what customers want and what it takes to create a positive consumer experience. My experience in marketing has also helped me develop skills in creating effective marketing strategies that can drive sales and customer engagement. Hiring me would bring these valuable skills and experiences to your team, making me a good fit for the role”
See lessIf a table contains duplicate rows, will a query display duplicate values by default? How can you eliminate duplicate rows from a query result?
Yes, they will be displayed by default. To eliminate duplicate records, you use the DISTINCT keyword after the word SELECT.
Yes, they will be displayed by default. To eliminate duplicate records, you use the DISTINCT keyword after the word SELECT.
See lessWhat is a synonym?
A synonym is a database object that allows you to create a kind of “link” or “alias” to another database object. This is often done to hide the name of the actual object for security reasons or to improve the maintenance of the code in the future.
A synonym is a database object that allows you to create a kind of “link” or “alias” to another database object. This is often done to hide the name of the actual object for security reasons or to improve the maintenance of the code in the future.
See lessWhat is a unique constraint? How is it different from a primary key?
A unique constraint is a constraint on a table that says that a column or set of columns needs to have unique values. It’s different from a primary key in that a table can only have one primary key, but a table can have zero, one, or many unique constraints. Unique constraints can also allow NULL vaRead more
A unique constraint is a constraint on a table that says that a column or set of columns needs to have unique values.
It’s different from a primary key in that a table can only have one primary key, but a table can have zero, one, or many unique constraints.
Unique constraints can also allow NULL values, but primary keys cannot.
See lessWhat’s the difference between a view and a materialized view?
A view is simply an SQL query that is stored on the database, without the results. Every time a view is queried, this definition of the view’s query is run. If the underlying tables have been updated, the view will load these results. A materialized view is a query where the results have been storedRead more
A view is simply an SQL query that is stored on the database, without the results. Every time a view is queried, this definition of the view’s query is run. If the underlying tables have been updated, the view will load these results.
A materialized view is a query where the results have been stored in a permanent state, like a table. If the underlying tables are updated, then by default, the materialized views are not updated.
See lessWhich two messages does NameNode get from DataNode?
DataNodes provide NameNodes with information about the data in the form of messages or signals. The two indicators are: Block report signals, which is a list of the data blocks stored on the DataNode and an explanation of how they operate. DataNode's heartbeat, which indicates it’s active and workinRead more
DataNodes provide NameNodes with information about the data in the form of messages or signals.
The two indicators are:
- Block report signals, which is a list of the data blocks stored on the DataNode and an explanation of how they operate.
- DataNode’s heartbeat, which indicates it’s active and working. A recurring report helps decide whether to employ NameNode. If this signal is not sent, DataNode’s operation has apparently ceased.
See lessDescribe the HDFS Safe mode.
In a cluster, NameNode operates in read-only mode, while NameNode starts out in Safe Mode. Safe Mode inhibits writing to the file system. At this point, it gathers information and statistics from each DataNode.
In a cluster, NameNode operates in read-only mode, while NameNode starts out in Safe Mode. Safe Mode inhibits writing to the file system. At this point, it gathers information and statistics from each DataNode.
See lessHow is a file deleted in Python?
The file can be deleted by either of these commands: os.remove(filename) os.unlink(filename)
The file can be deleted by either of these commands:
See lessos.remove(filename)os.unlink(filename)
Describe multithreading in Python.
Using Multithreading to speed up the code is not the go-to option, even though Python comes with a multi-threading package. The package has the GIL or Global Interpreter Lock, which is a construct. It ensures that only one of the threads executes at any given time. A thread acquires the GIL and perfRead more
Using Multithreading to speed up the code is not the go-to option, even though Python comes with a multi-threading package.
The package has the GIL or Global Interpreter Lock, which is a construct. It ensures that only one of the threads executes at any given time. A thread acquires the GIL and performs work before passing it to the next thread.
This happens so fast that to a user it seems that threads are executing in parallel. Obviously, this is not the case as they are just taking turns while using the same CPU core. GIL passing adds to the overall overhead of the execution.
As such, if you intend to use the threading package for speeding up the execution, using the package is not recommended.
See lessWhat is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?
We use a shallow copy when a new instance type gets created. It keeps the values that are copied in the new instance. Just like it copies the values, the shallow copy also copies the reference pointers. Reference points copied in the shallow copy reference to the original objects. Any changes made iRead more
We use a shallow copy when a new instance type gets created. It keeps the values that are copied in the new instance. Just like it copies the values, the shallow copy also copies the reference pointers.
Reference points copied in the shallow copy reference to the original objects. Any changes made in any member of the class affect the original copy of the same. Shallow copy enables faster execution of the program.
Deep copy is used for storing values that are already copied. Unlike shallow copy, it doesn’t copy the reference pointers to the objects. Deep copy makes the reference to an object in addition to storing the new object that is pointed by some other object.
Changes made to the original copy will not affect any other copy that makes use of the referenced or stored object. Contrary to the shallow copy, deep copy makes the execution of a program slower. This is due to the fact that it makes some copies for each object that is called.
See lessWrite the postfix form of the expression: (A + B) * (C – D)
AB+CD-*
See lessAB+CD-*