What are the OSI model layers?

The OSI model serves as a standard for how applications communicate with one another over a network. An OSI reference serves as a roadmap for suppliers and developers to ensure digital communication hardware and software interoperability.

The OSI layers are as follows:

• Physical layer: Digital data transmission from sender to receiver via a communication medium.

• Data Link Layer: Encodes and decodes data bits and controls data transfer to and from the physical link.

• Network Layer: Forwards packets and offers routing channels for network communication.

• Transport Layer: Ensures end-to-end network connection by dividing the data from the layer above, sending it to the network layer, and verifying the recipient received all the data.

• Session Layer: Establishes and manages a session-layer connection between the sender and the recipient. In addition to starting, halting, and controlling the session, it is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and synchronizing contact between the sender and the receiver.

• Presentation Layer: Displays the data in a suitable manner and structure.

• Application Layer: Interface between the network and the application, emphasizing process communication on a communication interface.